MARTIN WINKLER AND THE ROMAN SALUTE ON FILM & GLADIATOR: FILM AND HISTORY DEBUNKED 
from Francis Bellamy, Edward Bellamy, & the Pledge of Allegiance. Fascism salute image http://rexcurry.net/i-pledge-allegiance-to-the-flag2.jpg
The Roman Salute: Cinema, History, Ideology, exposed by Dr. Rex Curry


<== SEE THE YOUTUBE VIDEO EXPOSING THE MYTHS

Roman salute debunked http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-martin-winkler.html
Martin Winkler criticized http://rexcurry.net/pledge-professor-martin-winkler.html
Oath of the Horatii http://rexcurry.net/pledgehoratii.html
Pledge of Allegiance in frightening images and articles at http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html
Hear audio on worldwide radio at http://rexcurry.net/audio-rex-curry-podcast-radio.html
Pledge Nazis exposed in pics of the true Pledge of Allegiance gesture
http://rexcurry.net/pledge-of-allegiance-images.html#THE_TRUE_SALUTE
Volkswagen emblems + tattoos: Are they the new swastika symbol?
http://rexcurry.net/bookchapter4a1a2a1.html
Socialism is Fascism, Fascism = Socialism http://rexcurry.net/fascism=socialism.html
Swastikas Swastika Nazi Hakenkreuz Swastikas that symbolize overlapping S-letters for Socialism
 http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-swastika.html
Fan Mail http://rexcurry.net/pledge_heart.html

Roman salute: Cinema, History, Ideology Gladiator: Film and Historyy exposed by Dr. Rex Curry. Fascist salute thumbnail Hitler salute image Nazi salute, Martin Winkler

Dr. Rex Curry is the victor over Dr. Martin M. Winkler of George Mason University in a debate challenge. http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-martin-winkler.html  The announced debate topic was the origin of the "Roman Salute" myth, and the spread of the socialist gesture / symbol. http://rexcurry.net/pledge-professor-martin-winkler.html  Professor Winkler did not dispute Dr. Curry's work exposing the Roman Salute: Cinema, History, Ideology.



As the nation's leading authority on the pledge of allegiance and on the "Roman Salute," Dr. Curry made the historic discovery that the salute of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis) originated from the military salute in the USA, and from the original flag pledge (as written by a socialist), and not from ancient Rome. http://rexcurry.net/pledge-lawyer.html

See the Youtube video at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NsZxRPdDQHo


Professor Winkler had previously written a piece in the American Philological Association (APA) and it supports Dr. Curry's work. That article is analyzed below and at http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-martin-winkler.html (at the url Professor Winkler's article appears in a left column and the analysis appears in a right column for comparison purposes).



 

Frightening information about the history of the Pledge of Allegiance is at http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html
For fascinating information about symbolism see http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-swastika.html 
Hear audio on worldwide radio at http://rexcurry.net/audio-rex-curry-podcast-radio.html
Fan Mail http://rexcurry.net/pledge_heart.html

The Roman Salute on Film

The raised-arm salute is one of the best-known symbols of Fascism, supposedly based on a classical Roman custom. But no Roman work of art displays this salute, nor does any Roman text describe it.
Professor Martin M. Winkler's article begins strongly, and with only one big problem foreshadowed and that is Winkler's hackeneyed use of the term "Fascism" which shows Winkler's fixation and it might explain why Winkler was unable to make the discoveries that were made by Dr. Rex Curry. See the Youtube video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NsZxRPdDQHo
  There appears to be no example on the internet of Winkler ever using the actual correct name of the "National Socialist German Workers' Party." If he had, his research might have also led him to national socialists in the USA who promoted the straight arm salute as part of the early pledge of allegiance (to the USA's flag) going back as far as 1892, before the salute was used by German national socialists.

Well before Fascism, the salute frequently occurs in films set in antiquity, such as the American Ben-Hur (1907) or the Italian Nerone (1908), although such films do not yet standardize it or make it exclusively Roman. In Spartaco (1914), even Spartacus uses it. In imitation of such historical films, self-styled “Consul” Gabriele D’Annunzio appropriated the salute in its now familiar form as a propaganda tool for his political aspirations upon his occupation of Fiume in 1919. Earlier, D’Annunzio had been closely involved in Giovanni Pastrone’s colossal epic Cabiria (1914), in which variations of the salute occur several times. Notable other examples of the salute, by now a standard part of ancient iconography in the cinema, appear in Ben-Hur (1925) and in Cecil B. DeMille’s Sign of the Cross (1932) and Cleopatra (1934), although the execution of the gesture is still variable.
It is unfortunate that Winkler leads his second paragraph with the term "Fascism," reinforcing the point made in the analytical paragraph of criticism above. Winkler is implying a link to Benito Mussolini. Mussolini worked with D'Annunzio and Mussolini was aware of the 1914 film Cabiria which used variations of the straight-arm salute. But Winkler did not seem to be aware that the use of the salute in the USA's pledge pre-dated the 1914 film. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html

Mussolini was also aware of D'Annunzio's Charter of Carnaro for his Regency of Carnaro in the city of Fiume. Yet Winkler's "fascism" fixation prevents Winkler from realizing that from 1914 to 1919 (and before) Mussolini was a self-described socialist, a well-known socialist leader who was respected among socialists at that time (that time when he found the socialist salute). Between 1912 and 1914, Mussolini was the editor of the Socialist Party newspaper, "L'Avanti."  In 1914 he started his own socialist newspaper "Il Popolo d'Italia" ("The people of Italy"). He was a staunch proponent of revolutionary rather than reformist socialism, and actually received Lenin's endorsement and support for expelling reformists from the Socialist Party.  He was first dubbed "Il Duce" (the Leader) when he was a member of Italy's (Marxist) Socialist Party.  Later, Mussolini adopted a new label for his tired old socialist dogma. The new label worked and from 1922 to 1945 (23 years) Mussolini ruled Italy.

The salute was supposed to have been used in the Roman republic, but there is no clear evidence of this. Indeed it is not known whether salutes in the military sense existed at all in Roman culture. However, a number of images showing similar gestures exist from the Imperial era. These depict Roman leaders addressing their troops ("adlocutio" scenes). Usually the leader has his arm raised in a rhetorical gesture. In some images a few troops are also depicted with raised arms, possibly suggesting acclamation of the leader. Several such scenes appear on Trajan's column.
Winkler states that there is no clear evidence that the salute was ever used in the Roman Republic. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html  Different parts of Roman history are mentioned (the Roman Archaic Period was a Devlopmental Era 1000 BC- 509 BC; the Roman Republic Era is considered the True Character of Rome 509 BC - 27BC; the Roman Imperial Era was an Expansive changing era and includes the Pax Romana 27 BC - 476 AD).  He states that images that might be mistaken for a type of salute are actually images of leaders gesturing during speeches and sometimes listeners pointing or gesturing in response.  They are not salutes and were not called salutes.

Of particular importance for the visual record are two films by Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will (1935) and Olympia (1938). As is to be expected, the former regularly features the salute; the latter shows Hitler, German spectators and officials in Berlin’s Olympic stadium, and several victorious German and Italian athletes giving it. So do a number of athletic teams entering the stadium. In Italy, Carmine Gallone’s Scipione l’Africano (1937) uses the raised-arm salute as one of its chief visual means to turn Mussolini into a new Scipio.

After the fall of Fascism, Hollywood made the Roman Empire familiar to filmgoers by presenting it as a precursor of recent enemy empires. A case in point is Mervyn LeRoy’s Quo Vadis (1951), whose triumph sequence is modeled on Triumph of the Will, replete with the Fascist salute. In his 1959 remake of Ben-Hur, William Wyler, a Jewish émigré from Germany and a committed anti-Fascist, also shows a totalitarian Roman Empire but takes care to have his actors de-emphasize the all-too-obvious.

With the 1960s, the visual iconography of Roman films begins to change. Stanley Kubrick’s Spartacus (1960) has less use for the raised-arm salute than did its precursors. Anthony Mann’s The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964), the only epic film that attempts to do justice to the greatness of Rome, shows a triumphant Commodus greeting the Roman people with a variation on the raised-arm salute from which obvious Fascist overtones are gone. When a new Commodus triumphantly enters Rome in Ridley Scott’s Gladiator (2000), the salute no longer occurs.
Winkler states "Of particular importance for the visual record are two films by Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will (1935) and Olympia (1938)."  He would do well to note that the visual record in those films never shows the word "fascist," nor does the audio record once state the word "fascist," and that the word "socialist" occurs throughout, such as in Trumph of the Will, where the speakers promote "socialism" by the very word ad nauseum. Winklers inability to make such observations denied him the discoveries made by Dr. Rex Curry.

Dr. Curry discovered why the 1936 Olympic gold medalist Jesse Owens (featured in the 1938 film Olympia) gave the military salute from his victory stand. Winkler seems unaware that the military salute was not the standard salute for civilians in the USA, and that the "civilian salute" was the pledge of allegiance salute which merely began with a military salute and then stretched outward to the flag into the straight-arm salute. Mr. Owens did not want to do the entire USA salute because he did not want it misinterpreted as a salute to the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party.  http://rexcurry.net/bookchapter1a1c1.html

Dr. Curry also discovered the almost universally forgotten "Olympic salute" of which Winkler seems to be unaware.  The Olympic salute was also the straight-arm salute and it also originated from the USA's pledge of allegiance.  Winkler is unaware that one of the reasons why so many of the athletes appear to be performing the salute of the National Socialist German Workers' Party in the Olympia film is because they are performing the "official Olympic salute."  The Olympic salute fell out of favor for the same reason as did the early pledge of allegiance salute.  

Winkler concludes his piece by even more repetitions of the term "Fascist" as if to emphasize why he overlooked the discoveries made by Dr. Rex Curry.

Finally, Winkler explains how modern films with fictional Roman scenes are no longer showing the salute, as if to indicate that everyone is wising up to the fact that it was not an ancient Roman salute.

Olympic Salute Image http://rexcurry.net/pledge-of-allegiance-olympia-zeitung1936.jpg Olympic salute
Pledge of Allegiance Movies, Photos socialist olympic salute 1936
Olympic Salute Image http://rexcurry.net/pledge-of-allegiance-olympia-zeitung1936.jpg Olympic salute

These are the historical discoveries made by Dr. Rex Curry:

1. Dr. Rex Curry showed that the USA's early Pledge of Allegiance (to the flag) used a straight-arm salute and it was the origin of the salute of the monstrous National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis). Dr. Curry helped to establish that it was not an ancient Roman salute, and that the "ancient Roman salute" is a myth. http://rexcurry.net/pledgesalute.html  The myth is still repeated in modern efforts to cover-up Dr. Curry's discoveries about the Pledge's poisonous pedigree.

2. The original Pledge began with a military salute that then stretched out toward the flag. Historic photographs are at http://rexcurry.net/pledge2.html and at http://rexcurry.net/pledge_military.html   In actual use, the second part of the gesture was performed with a straight arm and palm down by children extending the military salute while perfunctorily performing the forced ritual chanting.  Professor Curry showed that, due to the way that both gestures were used sequentially in the pledge, the military salute led to the Nazi salute. The Nazi salute is an extended military salute via the pledge. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html

3. Francis Bellamy (author of the "Pledge of Allegiance") and Edward Bellamy (author of the novel "Looking Backward") and Charles Bellamy (author of "A Moment of Madness") and Frederick Bellamy (who introduced Edward to socialistic "Fourierism") were socialists.  Edward, Charles and Frederick were brothers, and Francis was their cousin. Francis and Edward were both self-proclaimed National Socialists and they supported the "Nationalism" movement in the USA, the "Nationalist" magazine, and the "Nationalist Educational Association." They wanted all of society to ape the military and they touted "military socialism" and the "industrial army."  Edward’s book was an international bestseller, translated into every major language (including German) and he inspired the "Nationalist Party" (in the USA) and their dogma influenced socialists worldwide (including Germany) via “Nationalist Clubs.” http://rexcurry.net/bellamy-edward-german-connections.html The Pledge was the origin of the Nazi salute. "Nazi" means "National Socialist German Workers' Party." A mnemonic device is the swastika. Although the swastika was an ancient symbol, Professor Curry discovered that it was also used sometimes by German National Socialists to represent "S" letters for their "socialism."  Curry changed the way that people view the symbol of the horrid National Socialist German Workers' Party. Hitler altered his own signature to use the same stylized "S" letter for "socialist" and similar alphabetic symbolism still shows on Volkswagens. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-swastika.html

Many Bellamy policies were followed in the USA and still are followed in the USA and they helped to cause the USA’s big, expensive and oppressive government.

The government in the USA and the government schools hide those facts from people in the USA and from people in other countries. 

Olympic salute http://rexcurry.net/olympic-salute1936.jpg Olympic salute
olympic salute 1924 socialist

Olympic salute http://rexcurry.net/olympic-salute1936.jpg Olympic salute

Dr. Rex Curry is the victor over Dr. Martin Winkler of George Mason University in a debate challenge. http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-martin-winkler.html  The debate topic was the origin of the "Roman Salute" myth, and the spread of the socialist gesture / symbol. http://rexcurry.net/pledge-professor-martin-winkler.html Professor Winkler did not dispute Dr. Curry's work.

As the nation's leading authority on the pledge of allegiance and on the "Roman Salute," Dr. Curry made the historic discovery that the salute of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis) originated from the military salute in the USA, and from the original flag pledge (as written by a socialist), and not from ancient Rome. http://rexcurry.net/pledge-lawyer.html

Professor Winkler had previously written a piece in the American Philological Association (APA) and it supports Dr. Curry's work. That article is analyzed below and at http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-martin-winkler.html (at the url Professor Winkler's article appears in a left column and the analysis appears in a right column for comparison purposes).   

Professor Winkler's article begins strongly, and with only one big problem foreshadowed and that is Winkler's hackeneyed use of the term "Fascism" which shows Winkler's fixation and it might explain why Winkler was unable to make the discoveries that were made by Dr. Rex Curry. http://rexcurry.net/pledge-lawyer.html  There appears to be no example on the internet of Winkler ever using the actual correct name of the "National Socialist German Workers' Party." If he had, his research might have also led him to national socialists in the USA who promoted the straight arm salute as part of the early pledge of allegiance (to the USA's flag) going back as far as 1892, before the salute was used by German national socialists.

It is unfortunate that Winkler leads his second paragraph with the term "Fascism," reinforcing the point made in the analytical paragraph of criticism above. Winkler is implying a link to Benito Mussolini. Mussolini worked with D'Annunzio and Mussolini was aware of the 1914 film Cabiria which used variations of the straight-arm salute. But Winkler did not seem to be aware that the use of the salute in the USA's pledge pre-dated the 1914 film.

Mussolini was also aware of D'Annunzio's Charter of Carnaro for his Regency of Carnaro in the city of Fiume. Yet Winkler's "fascism" fixation prevents Winkler from realizing that from 1914 to 1919 (and before) Mussolini was a self-described socialist, a well-known socialist leader who was respected among socialists at that time (that time when he found his socialist salute). Between 1912 and 1914, Mussolini was the editor of the Socialist Party newspaper, "L'Avanti."  In 1914 he started his own socialist newspaper "Il Popolo d'Italia" ("The people of Italy"). He was a staunch proponent of revolutionary rather than reformist socialism, and actually received Lenin's endorsement and support for expelling reformists from the Socialist Party.  He was in fact first dubbed "Il Duce" (the Leader) when he was a member of Italy's (Marxist) Socialist Party.  Later, Mussolini adopted a new label for his tired old socialist dogma. The new label worked and from 1922 to 1945 (23 years) Mussolini ruled Italy.

Winkler states that the is no clear evidence that the salute was ever used in the Roman Republic. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html  Different parts of Roman history are mentioned (the Roman Archaic Period was a Devlopmental Era 1000 BC- 509 BC; the Roman Republic Era is considered the True Character of Rome 509 BC - 27BC; the Roman Imperial Era was an Expansive changing era and includes the Pax Romana 27 BC - 476 AD).  He states that images that might be mistaken for a type of salute are actually images of leaders gesturing during speeches and sometimes listeners pointing or gesturing in response.  They are not salutes and were not called salutes.

Winkler states "Of particular importance for the visual record are two films by Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will (1935) and Olympia (1938)."  He would do well to note that the visual record in those films never shows the word "fascist," nor does the audio record once state the word "fascist," and that the word "socialist" occurs throughout, with the characters extolling "socialism" by the very word ad nauseum. Winklers inability to make such observations denied him the discoveries made by Dr. Rex Curry.

Dr. Curry discovered why the 1936 Olympic gold medalist Jesse Owens (featured in the 1938 film Olympia) gave the military salute from his victory stand. Winkler seems unaware that the military salute was not the standard salute for civilians, and that the "civilian salute" was the pledge of allegiance salute which merely began with a military salute and then stretched outward to the flag into the straight-arm salute. Mr. Owens did not want to do the rest of the USA salute because he did not want it to be misinterpreted as a salute to the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party.  http://rexcurry.net/bookchapter1a1c1.html

Dr. Curry also discovered the almost universally forgotten "Olympic salute" of which Winkler seems to be unaware.  The Olympic salute was also the straight-arm salute and it also originated from the USA's pledge of allegiance.  Winkler is unaware that one of the reasons why so many of the athletes appear to be performing the salute of the National Socialist German Workers' Party in the Olympia film is because they are performing the "official Olympic salute."  The Olympic salute fell out of favor for the same reason as did the early pledge of allegiance salute.  

Winkler concludes his piece by even more repetitions of the term "Fascist" as if to emphasize why he overlooked the discoveries made by Dr. Rex Curry.

Finally, Winkler explains how modern films with fictional Roman scenes are no longer showing the salute, as if to indicate that everyone is wising up to the fact that it was not an ancient Roman salute.

These are the historical discoveries made by Dr. Rex Curry:

1. Dr. Rex Curry showed that the USA's early Pledge of Allegiance (to the flag) used a straight-arm salute and it was the origin of the salute of the monstrous National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis). Dr. Curry helped to establish that it was not an ancient Roman salute, and that the "ancient Roman salute" is a myth. http://rexcurry.net/pledgesalute.html  The myth is still repeated in modern efforts to cover-up Dr. Curry's discoveries about the Pledge's poisonous pedigree.

2. The original Pledge began with a military salute that then stretched out toward the flag. Historic photographs are at http://rexcurry.net/pledge2.html and at http://rexcurry.net/pledge_military.html   In actual use, the second part of the gesture was performed with a straight arm and palm down by children extending the military salute while perfunctorily performing the forced ritual chanting.  Professor Curry showed that, due to the way that both gestures were used sequentially in the pledge, the military salute led to the Nazi salute. The Nazi salute is an extended military salute via the pledge. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html

3. Francis Bellamy (author of the "Pledge of Allegiance") and Edward Bellamy (author of the novel "Looking Backward") and Charles Bellamy (author of "A Moment of Madness") and Frederick Bellamy (who introduced Edward to socialistic "Fourierism") were socialists.  Edward, Charles and Frederick were brothers, and Francis was their cousin. Francis and Edward were both self-proclaimed National Socialists and they supported the "Nationalism" movement in the USA, the "Nationalist" magazine, and the "Nationalist Educational Association." They wanted all of society to ape the military and they touted "military socialism" and the "industrial army."  Edward’s book was an international bestseller, translated into every major language (including German) and he inspired the "Nationalist Party" (in the USA) and their dogma influenced socialists worldwide (including Germany) via “Nationalist Clubs.” http://rexcurry.net/bellamy-edward-german-connections.html The Pledge was the origin of the Nazi salute. "Nazi" means "National Socialist German Workers' Party." A mnemonic device is the swastika. Although the swastika was an ancient symbol, Professor Curry discovered that it was also used sometimes by German National Socialists to represent "S" letters for their "socialism."  Curry changed the way that people view the symbol of the horrid National Socialist German Workers' Party. Hitler altered his own signature to use the same stylized "S" letter for "socialist" and similar alphabetic symbolism still shows on Volkswagens. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-swastika.html

Many Bellamy policies were followed in the USA and still are followed in the USA and they helped to cause the USA’s big, expensive and oppressive government.

The government in the USA and the government schools hide those facts from people in the USA and from people in other countries. 

*************************

Historia Numorum    Dictionary of Roman Coin

ADLOCUTIO. Adlocution. The custom of haranguing the soldiers was frequent with the Emperors, as is evidenced by a variety of their coins. This ceremony was performed, either at the moment when an individual obtained the imperial purple, or when the reigning prince adopted someone with a view to the succession; or when he admitted another person into immediate participation of the empire, of which examples are often recorded by historians. Memorials of these military orations, which an emperor delivered before some expeditionary force, at the time of its going out on a campaign, or of its returning after a victory - in which the soldiers were to be reminded of their duty; or rewarded for their good conduct and success, with praises, and "not least in their dear love," with donatives also - are preserved on many of the very finest coins of the Augusti.

On these reverses, a raised platform or tribune, more or less lofty, called by the Romans suggestum, is exhibited, on which the Emperor, habited either in the toga, or the paludamentum, is seen standing, with his right arm elevated, as if appealing to the sentiments of the troops, or beckoning for silence.

Frequently the Praetorian Prefect, in same cases two Praetorian Prefects, appear standing behind the Emperor.  In one example is a group of the legionaries, from three to five or six generally in number, with their faces turned towards their prince; some holding the eagles, vexilla, and ensigns; others their bucklers and spears. With regard to the customary attitude and gesture of the speaker in addressing the troops, Cicero affords an illustrative passage, in his oration, against Gabinius - "When (says he) the general (Imperator), openly, in the presence of the army, stretched out his right hand, not to incit the soldiers to glory, but to tell them that they might make their own market" (Omnia sibi et empta et emenda esse. - Provinc. cons. c. 4.)

Shocking PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE PHOTOGRAPHS page 1 http://rexcurry.net/pledge2.html
Pledge of Allegiance pics page 2 http://rexcurry.net/pledge-of-allegiance-images.html
Pledge of Allegiance pics page 3 http://rexcurry.net/pledging-allegiance-photographs.html
Pledge of Allegiance pics page 4 http://rexcurry.net/saying-the-pledge-of-allegiance-pictures.html
Pledge of Allegiance pics page 5 http://rexcurry.net/pledge_military.html
Pledge of Allegiance pics page 6 http://rexcurry.net/ussr-socialist-swastika-cccp-sssr.html
Pledge of Allegiance pics page 7 http://rexcurry.net/bellamy-edward-emiliano-zapata-mexico-socialism.html
Pledge of Allegiance pics page 8 http://rexcurry.net/swastika-brazilian-integralist-action-aib-greek-sigma.html
Pledge of Allegiance pics page 9 http://rexcurry.net/pledgesalute.html

http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-ancient-roman-empire-forums-saluto-romano.html
http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-anita-cohen-williams.html
http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-benito-mussolini.html
http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-carl-jung.html
http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-francis-bellamy-pledge-of-allegiance.html
http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-martin-winkler.html
http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-metropolitan-museum-of-art.html
http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-oxford-english-dictionary.html
http://rexcurry.net/rome-ancient-rome-myths.html

Read about swastika symbolism from Troy, Homer and the Iliad, the vulgus proganum, Professor Max Muller, & Dr. Heinrich Schliemann
http://rexcurry.net/nazism-national-socialist-german-workers-party.html
http://rexcurry.net/bookchapter4a1a1.html
Max Muller & the "vulgus profanum" http://rexcurry.net/swastika-hakenkreuz.html
http://rexcurry.net/rome-ancient-rome-myths.html

GLADIATOR: FILM AND HISTORY http://rexcurry.net/pledge-allegiance-pledge-allegiance.jpg GLADIATOR: FILM AND HISTORY
Gladiator: Film and History
GLADIATOR: FILM AND HISTORY http://rexcurry.net/pledge-allegiance-pledge-allegiance.jpg GLADIATOR: FILM AND HISTORY

Swastika http://rexcurry.net/swastika3clear.jpg Swastika
Swastika, Francis Bellamy, Pledge of Allegiance, Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward, Holocaust, Inquisition
Swastika http://rexcurry.net/swastika3clear.jpg Swastika








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