Anita Cohen-Williams, host of a historical archaeology
group debunked re: Roman Salutes
-The raised arm salute is a myth
Francis Bellamy, Edward Bellamy, the Pledge of Allegiance, Socialist
salutes http://socialist-salute.jpg
Socialism image
Anita Cohen-Williams, host of a historical archaeology group, has conceded
the astounding recent historical discoveries of Dr. Rex Curry. Dr. Curry's
victory came after a scholarly debate challenge. http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-anita-cohen-williams.html
The announced debate topic was the origin of the "Roman Salute" myth,
and the spread of the socialist gesture / symbol. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html
Ms. Cohen-Williams did not dispute Dr. Curry's work.
As the nation's leading authority on the pledge of allegiance and on the
"Roman Salute," Dr. Curry showed that the USA's early pledge of allegiance
to the flag (1892) used a straight-arm salute and it was the source of the
salute of the monstrous National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis).
The salute of German Socialists has sometimes been labeled an "ancient Roman
salute." Dr. Curry helped to establish that it was not an ancient Roman
salute, and that the "ancient Roman salute" is a modern myth that grew during
and after the lives of Edward Bellamy (1850-1898) and Francis Bellamy (1855-1931).
http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html
Ms. Anita Cohen-Williams also did not dispute the following during the debate
challenge:
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) supports Dr. Rex Curry's discovery that
the Nazi salute originated in the United States.
The earliest OED reference to "Roman salute" is a 1959 reference to the
Chambers's Encyclopedia. The OED states: "Chambers's Encycl. XII. 173/2 Special
forms of salute, the clenched fist salute of the Communists, the ‘Roman salute’
of the Fascists and the Hitler salute, have been a feature of modern political
life."
Chambers's Encyclopedia puts the Roman reference in quotation marks, as
if to indicate that it is the "so-called" Roman salute and that the phrase
is not historically accurate. The Chambers Encyclopedia thus supports
Dr. Curry's discoveries.
An earlier OED reference exists for "raised-arm salute" in a 1943 reference
to a David Gascoyne poem. The poem states, "...the centurions wear riding-boots,
Black shirts and badges and peaked caps, Greet one another with raised-arm
salutes...." Gascoyne did not use the term "Roman salute," and that
may suggest that the gesture was not widely known by that name at that time.
Gascoyne's poem shows how the Roman salute myth spread. Gascoyne
was a surrealist and his poem mixes images from a Roman crucifixion with images
under the National Socialist German Workers' Party. Gascoyne had joined
the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1936 and broadcast some radio talks
for the Barcelona-based propaganda ministry. However, he soon became disillusioned
and left the party.
Dr. Curry knows of two other uses of "Roman salute" that pre-date the OED
reference. The earliest of the two uses is 1937, and the other is 1938,
and the references are by different authors.
Even the author of the Pledge of Allegiance, Francis Bellamy, specifically
described how he created the salute and he did not base it on any Roman salute
myth. Bellamy never used the term "Roman salute" in his life, and he did not
even know of such a myth as the myth did not exist at that time, as shown
by Dr. Curry. The myth developed from the Pledge. The OED also supports
those facts.
The original Pledge of Allegiance began with a military salute that then
stretched out toward the flag. Historic photographs are at http://rexcurry.net/pledge2.html
and at http://rexcurry.net/pledge_military.html
In actual use, the second part of the gesture was performed with a straight
arm and palm down by children extending the military salute while perfunctorily
performing the forced ritual chanting. Professor Curry showed that,
due to the way that both gestures were used sequentially in the pledge, the
military salute led to the hard, stylized salute of German socialists. The
Nazi salute is an extended military salute via the pledge. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html
Francis Bellamy (author of the "Pledge of Allegiance") and Edward Bellamy
(author of the novel "Looking Backward") and Charles Bellamy (author of "A
Moment of Madness") and Frederick Bellamy (who introduced Edward to socialistic
"Fourierism") were socialists. Edward, Charles and Frederick were brothers,
and Francis was their cousin. Francis and Edward were both self-proclaimed
National Socialists and they supported the "Nationalism" movement in the
USA, the "Nationalist" magazine, and the "Nationalist Educational Association."
They wanted to nationalize everything and they wanted all of society to ape
the military and they touted "military socialism" and the "industrial army."
Edward inspired the "Nationalist Party" (in the USA) and their dogma
influenced socialists worldwide (including Germany) via “Nationalist Clubs.”
http://rexcurry.net/bellamy-edward-german-connections.html
The Pledge was the origin of the Nazi salute. "Nazi" means "National
Socialist German Workers' Party." A mnemonic device is the swastika. Although
the swastika was an ancient symbol, Professor Curry discovered that it was
also used sometimes by German National Socialists to represent "S" letters
for their "socialism." Curry changed the way that people view the symbol
of the horrid National Socialist German Workers' Party. Hitler altered his
own signature to use the same stylized "S" letter for "socialist" and similar
alphabetic symbolism still shows on Volkswagens. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-swastika.html
The Roman salute myth is still repeated in modern efforts to cover-up Dr.
Curry's discoveries about the Pledge's poisonous pedigree.
The USA's early Pledge of Allegiance (to the flag) was the origin of the
salute of the monstrous National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis),
as shown by the historian Dr. Rex Curry. http://rexcurry.net/pledge-lawyer.html
The early Pledge (written in 1892) used a straight-arm salute and it was
later copied by others. http://rexcurry.net/pledgesalute.html
Building from the USA's pledge of allegiance, the raised-arm salute was
used in fictional Roman scenes in these films: the American "Ben-Hur" (1907),
the Italian "Nerone" (1908), "Spartaco" (1914), and "Cabiria" (1914). Those
scenes helped lead to the "Roman salute" myth. The Roman myth is still
repeated in modern efforts to cover-up Dr. Curry's discoveries about the
Pledge's poisonous pedigree.
The self-styled Italian "Consul" Gabriele D 'Annunzio had worked with Giovanni
Pastrone in his colossal epic Cabiria (1914). In imitation of such
films, D'Annunzio borrowed the salute as a propaganda tool for his
political ambitions upon his occupation of Fiume in 1919. Annoyed that Italy
had lost the town of Fiume, D´Annunzio´s troops occupied the
town and he ruled it for eighteen months until 1920. He declared war against
Italy but was finally forced to retreat.
Benito Mussolini worked with D'Annunzio and was much influenced by him.
Mussolini was aware of D'Annunzio's Charter of Carnaro for his Regency of
Carnaro in the city of Fiume. Mussolini was familiar with films and with
D'Annunzio's work in the film Cabiria. From 1914 to 1919 (and before), and
during the time that Mussolini found and acquired the socialist salute, Mussolini
(1883-1945) was a self-described socialist, a well-known socialist leader
who was respected among socialists at that time (that time when he found
his socialist salute). Between 1912 and 1914, Mussolini was the editor of
the Socialist Party newspaper, "L'Avanti." In 1914 he started his own
socialist newspaper "Il Popolo d'Italia" ("The people of Italy"). He was
a staunch proponent of revolutionary rather than reformist socialism, and
actually received Lenin's endorsement and support for expelling reformists
from the Socialist Party. He was in fact first dubbed "Il Duce" (the
Leader) when he was a member of Italy's (Marxist) Socialist Party.
Eventually, Mussolini used a supplemental term for his tired old socialist
dogma. When Mussolini began to use forms of the term "fascis" in his politics,
the idea of "Roman" propaganda was far from his mind. The term "fascio" was
used with the meaning of “union” or "league" as his political movement was
meant to be a "union" of political leaders joining together for political
goals. It is similar to the word "fasten" in meaning binding or joining together.
By coincidence it paralleled Hitler's supplementation of the "German Workers'
Party" with the words "National" and "Socialist" for the National Socialist
German Workers' Party, and Hitler's alteration of the swastika/hakenkreuz
to symbolized joined "S" letters for "socialists" joining together in the
new party. The new label for the old dogma worked and from 1922 to 1945 (23
years) Mussolini ruled Italy. The earliest listing under "Fascism" in the
Oxford English Dictionary is a 1921 reference to the publication
19th Cent.
(July 148): The Fascismo was born in the provinces, where the extremistic
menace was stronger.
In late 1937, Mussolini visited Germany and pledged himself to support
the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. In 1938, he introduced
his ‘reform of customs.’ Hand-shaking was suddenly banned as unhygienic:
a salute was to be used instead - the right forearm raised vertically. He
imposed a new march on the Italian Army which was simply the goose-step of
the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. According to the book
"A Concise History of Italy" by Christopher Duggan, these reforms were
introduced mainly to underline ideological kinship with the National Socialist
German Workers’ Party and to impress it’s leader. The so-called "Roman salute"
(saluto romano) is as much of a fiction as is the so-called "Roman step"
(passo romano) as is the idea that the National Socialist German Workers’
Party emulated Mussolini and not vice versa.
1. Dr. Rex Curry showed that the USA's early Pledge of Allegiance (to
the flag) used a straight-arm salute and it was the origin of the salute
of the monstrous National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis). Dr. Curry
helped to establish that it was not an ancient Roman salute, and that the
"ancient Roman salute" is a myth. http://rexcurry.net/pledgesalute.html
The myth is still repeated in modern efforts to cover-up Dr. Curry's discoveries
about the Pledge's poisonous pedigree.
2. The original Pledge began with a military salute that then stretched
out toward the flag. Historic photographs are at http://rexcurry.net/pledge2.html
and at http://rexcurry.net/pledge_military.html
In actual use, the second part of the gesture was performed with a straight
arm and palm down by children extending the military salute while perfunctorily
performing the forced ritual chanting. Professor Curry showed that,
due to the way that both gestures were used sequentially in the pledge, the
military salute led to the Nazi salute. The Nazi salute is an extended military
salute via the pledge. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html
3. Francis Bellamy (author of the "Pledge of Allegiance") and Edward Bellamy
(author of the novel "Looking Backward") and Charles Bellamy (author of "A
Moment of Madness") and Frederick Bellamy (who introduced Edward to socialistic
"Fourierism") were socialists. Edward, Charles and Frederick were brothers,
and Francis was their cousin. Francis and Edward were both self-proclaimed
National Socialists and they supported the "Nationalism" movement in the USA,
the "Nationalist" magazine, and the "Nationalist Educational Association."
They wanted all of society to ape the military and they touted "military socialism"
and the "industrial army." Edward’s book was an international bestseller,
translated into every major language (including German) and he inspired the
"Nationalist Party" (in the USA) and their dogma influenced socialists worldwide
(including Germany) via “Nationalist Clubs.” http://rexcurry.net/bellamy-edward-german-connections.html
The Pledge was the origin of the Nazi salute. "Nazi" means "National Socialist
German Workers' Party." A mnemonic device is the swastika. Although the
swastika was an ancient symbol, Professor Curry discovered that it was also
used sometimes by German National Socialists to represent "S" letters for
their "socialism." Curry changed the way that people view the symbol
of the horrid National Socialist German Workers' Party. Hitler altered his
own signature to use the same stylized "S" letter for "socialist" and similar
alphabetic symbolism still shows on Volkswagens. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-swastika.html
Many Bellamy policies were followed in the USA and still are followed
in the USA and they helped to cause the USA’s big, expensive and oppressive
government.
The government in the USA and the government schools hide those facts from
people in the USA and from people in other countries.
***********************************
Although Mussolini was much influenced by D'Annunzio, the D'Annunzio never
held an important post in Mussolini's government. D'Annunzio died of a stroke
at his desk on March 1, 1938. He was given a state funeral by Mussolini.
D´Annunzio´s collected works were published in the 1950s. His
correspondence with Mussolini appeared in 1971.
As a poet D'Annuncio (1863-1938) made his debut at the age of sixteen
with PRIMO VERE (1879). The poems were inspired by Giosuè Carducci's
Odi barbare [The Barbarian Odes] (1877) In 1897 D'Annunzio was
elected to parliament for a three-year term. Accumulating debts forced D´Annunzio
to flee to France in 1910.
When World War I broke out, D'Annunzio returned to Italy and started successful
career as a military leader. He made speeches, wrote articles exhorting his
countrymen to assist the Allied cause, and joined the air force, becoming
one of Italy's most celebrated heroes.
*****************************
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
(The Barbarian Odes contains the phrase "in sight of the three colors.
Rezia, salute! of free fathers daughter and to new glories freer! It
is beautiful to the beautiful sun]
and the Saluto D’Autunno [Autumn salute]
and SALUTO ITALICO
COURMAYEUR Conca in vivo smeraldo tra foschi passaggi dischiusa,
o pia Courmayeur, ti saluto.
Te da la gran Giurassa da l'ardüa Grivola bella
il sole piú amabile arride.
SALUTO D'AUTUNNO
Pe' verdi colli, da' cieli splendidi,
e ne' fiorenti campi de l'anima,
Delia, a voi tutto è una festa
4 di primavera: lungi le tombe!
(a better English translation Odi barbare was done by William Fletcher).
...............................................
Roman Salute: Cinema, History, Ideology is a book
that hasn't even been published and it has already been debunked. The
book is an incomplete rehash of work published years ago by Dr. Rex Curry
(author of "Pledge of Allegiance Secrets"). http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html
The author of "Roman Salute" is Martin Winkler of George Mason University,
and his work has been exposed in the past in a professorial debate challenge
(2006) by Dr. Curry. http://rexcurry.net/pledge-professor-martin-winkler.html
The publisher of Winkler's book is Ohio State University Press (publication
expected in 2009). OSU Press would do better to publish the work of Dr.
Curry.
"Pledge of Allegiance Secrets" by Dr. Curry exposed the the modern
origin of the so-called "Roman salute" from the USA's Pledge of Allegiance
and from the military salute that was used as the first gesture of two gestures
in the pledge. Francis Bellamy (author of the pledge) was not attempting
to do a "Roman salute" nor a "stiff-arm salute" and he never said such
a thing. Bellamy did say that he was attempting to do a military salute
that was then stretched out toward the flag. In practice, that became
the stiff-arm salute because bored children simply extended Bellamy's initial
military salute outward to point at the flag.
The raised-arm salute was used in America well before the creation of
the National Socialist German Workers Party, and before Mussolini began
his political career as a socialist journalist. http://rexcurry.net/fascism=socialism.html
That the pledge's author (Francis Bellamy) was raised in Rome N.Y.,
contributed to the use of the term "Roman salute" in the myth. In that
sense, it WAS a "Roman" salute -from Rome, N.Y.- but not an ancient Roman
salute from Italy. see http://rexcurry.net/bookchapter1a1f.html
and http://rexcurry.net/pledgerome.html
One reason that Winkler failed to make the discoveries that were
made long ago by Dr. Curry is because Winkler writes in a manner that
is unscholarly, unprofessional, misleading and propagandistic. Winkler
writes as if he is unaware of the actual full name of the group that called
itself the "National Socialist German Workers Party." Winkler writes as
if he is unaware that the group did not use the hackneyed shorthand terms
that Winkler seems to exclusively substitute for the actual name of the
horrid group. Has Winkler ever written the actual name of the group about
which he writes? http://rexcurry.net/pledgehoratii.html
Winkler's misleading method with hackneyed shorthand terms was evident
years ago in his abstract for the American Philological Association (APA).
That piece also indicated that Winkler was unaware that the early
Pledge of Allegiace used a stiff-arm salute. http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-martin-winkler.html
During that time, Dr. Curry's work became known to Winkler and worldwide
showing the origin of the stiff-arm salute from the pledge in the United
States. Dr. Curry pointed out the misleading terms in Winkler's APA piece
and Winkler's apparent ignorance of the Pledge's early stiff-arm salute,
and the fact that the Pledge of Allegiance was the origin of the mis-named
"Roman salute" from the Pledge's initial military salute. http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-martin-winkler.html
Winkler's method with misleading slang terms continued years later in
"Gladiator: Film and History." That book also
had revealing omissions by Winkler: No mention of his own earlier faulty
work regarding the "Roman Salute."
Winkler's method with misleading shorthand terms continued
in a poster for Winkler's speech that stated "The Roman Salute: Origin
and Spread of a Fascist Symbol." The poster and Winkler's use of the
word "fascist" in the speech perpetuate ignorance (or cover up?) the fact
that the straight-arm salute adopted by the National Socialist German
Workers Party originated from a National Socialist in the USA (Francis
Bellamy) in 1892. Winkler seems ignorant of (or covering up) the fact that
German National Socialists did not interchange "fascist" for the actual
name of their party. Winkler's bad writing habit perpetuates widespread
ignorance in that regard. See the poster at http://rexcurry.net/socialist-salute3.jpg
and the more accurate version at http://rexcurry.net/socialist-salute.jpg
It is embarrassing that the poster for Winkler's speech shows the
painting "Oath of the Horatii." It is a funny error: As proof of
an "ancient Roman salute" the neo-classical painting (from 1784) was, for
a time, cited on Wikipedia, the glorified anonymous bulletin board where
neo-nazis deliberately post propagandistic lies and delete information about
the topics discussed here. There is where that wackiness began. Believe
it or don't, Wikipedia continues to use "Oath of the Horatii" to imply proof
of an "ancient Roman salute" (It depends upon when Wikipedia is viewed because
Wikipedia changes by the milisecond as people literally do cyber-warfare
to maintain lies there).
After Dr. Curry pointed out the silliness at Wackipedia, someone there
back-pedaled into speculation that the Pledge's early stiff-arm salute
was based on the Horatii painting, not caring that Francis Bellamy himself
explained the origin of his salute and it had nothing to do with "Oath
of the Horatii" by the painter Jacques-Louis David. The back-pedaling went
farther with misinterpretation of adlocutio, not caring that Bellamy explained
the origin of his salute and it had nothing to do with misinterpretation
of adlocutio. Bellamy explained that his salute started with a military
salute that extended out toward the flag. Francis Bellamy never used the
term "ancient Roman salute" ever for any reason (the concept "ancient Roman
salute" did not exist during Bellamy's time). Indeed, Jacques-Louis David
himself never referred to "Oath of the Horatii" as an "ancient Roman salute"
nor did David use the term "ancient Roman salute" ever for any reason (the
concept "ancient Roman salute" did not exist during David's time). The "Oath
of the Horatii" shows three people reaching for weapons. http://rexcurry.net/pledgehoratii.html
The term "Roman salute" came after Francis Bellamy from Rome N.Y., and
even later than that after the socialist Mussolini adopted America's mechanical
stiff-arm salute in Rome, Italy. The Oxford English Dictionary supports
Dr. Curry's work. http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-oxford-english-dictionary.html
Winkler's misleading method continues in his book "Roman Salute: Cinema,
History, Ideology," including Winkler's misleading hackneyed slang, on display
in the Table of Contents. One example is the title for chapter 3 ("Raised-arm
salutes in the United States before fascism: from the Pledge of allegiance
to Ben-Hur on screen") that seems designed to deceive. Winkler and Wikpedia
play word games with the hackneyed term "fascism" in order to cover-up the
National Socialist German Workers Party and its connection to older American
National Socialism and the pledge from the Bellamys. If the raised arm salutes
in the United States existed before "fascism," as Winkler claims, then they
existed during the enormous growth and popularity of National Socialism
touted by the Bellamys, and they influenced the dogma, symbols and rituals
of the National Socialist German Workers Party later (Winkler's "fascism").
Winkler wants to pretend that America's National Socialism was not "fascism"
so that Winkler can evade the connections.
People who refused to perform the stiff-arm salute and robotic chanting
to the nation's flag were persecuted, prosecutied, expelled, beaten and
even lynched. Eventually, that was happening at the same time in the United
States and in Germany. But it started in the United States in 1892
with the Bellamys. They wanted government to take over education under their
National Socialism, and eliminate all of the better alternatives, and when
the government granted their wish the government's schools imposed segregation
by law and taught racism as official policy. See the photograph of a segregated
class forced to perform the mechanical chanting and America's straight-arm
salute at http://rexcurry.net/pledge-allegiance-pledge-allegiance.jpg
Winkler's table of contents for another chapter builds upon the widespread
ignorance by using the term "Nazi" instead of the actual name of the German
party.
Winkler writes as if he is unaware that Mussolini was a notorious socialist
journalist when he acquired the nick-name "Il Duce" (the Leader), and that
is also the time when Mussolini learned of America's stiff-arm national
socialist salute. http://rexcurry.net/mussolini.html
and http://rexcurry.net/bookchapter2a1b.html
The above is also why Winkler failed to make another discovery
that was made years ago by Dr. Curry: the symbol used by the German national
socialists, although an ancient symbol, was altered for use by socialists
as overlapping S-letters for their "socialism" (It was turned 45 degrees
to the horizontal and always oriented in the S-letter direction). http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-swastika.html
Winkler writes as if he is unaware that Francis Bellamy and Edward
Bellamy were cohorts in preaching about "Christian socialism," "military
socialism," and "national socialism." The Pledge and the early stiff-arm
salute were part of their efforts toward those goals.
The above is also why Winkler failed to make another discovery
that was made years ago by Dr. Curry: Francis Bellamy (who grew up in
Rome, N.Y., authored the "Pledge of Allegiance," and was the origin of
the stiff-arm salute used in the early Pledge) and Edward Bellamy (Francis'
cousin and the author of "Looking Backward") were notorious national socialsts
in America who advocated "military socialism" and an "industrial army"
and they influenced the National Socialist German Workers Party and its
dogma, symbols and rituals. The Bellamys advocated a government takeover
of education, and when the government granted their wish, government schools
imposed segregation by law and taught racism as official policy. People
who refused to perform the stiff-arm salute and robotic chanting to the
nations flag were persecuted. That happened in the U.S. before it happened
in Germany (and elsewhere) and it even outlasted German National Socialism.
http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html
The above is also why Winkler failed to make another discovery
that was made years ago by Dr. Curry: the stiff-arm salute developed
from the Pledge because the Bellamy dogma of "military socialism" caused
Francis Bellamy to begin the Pledge with a military salute that was then
extended out toward the flag, as a gesture to the flag. In practice,
annoyed students, forced into robotic ritualism, simply extended the military
salute outward with the palm remaining down. Thus, the straight-arm salute
developed as an extended military salute from the Pledge of Allegiance.
http://rexcurry.net/i-pledge-allegiance-to-the-flag.jpg
Winkler's book "Roman Salute: Cinema, History, Ideology" overlooks
and misleads regarding the "history and ideology" part in the title. Winkler
missed the one actual analogy between "ancient Rome" and the origin of the
stiff-arm salute in the Pedge of Allegiance: authoritarianism (then and
now), militarism, oppressive taxation and the decline of a once-great society.
Winkler overlooked the "big picture" that Dr. Curry uncovered years
ago: How the pledge, the salute and the socialist dogma behind it caused
the current massive spending and debt in America, domestic military socialism,
nazi-style numbering of babies with lifetime tracking (the "social security"
ponzi scam) and the police state in the United States that continues to
grow today, along with government schools that have mechanical chanting
every day for twelve years of each child's life (only the misnamed "Roman
salute" has changed).
Winkler overlooked another big picture that Dr. Curry uncovered
years ago: How the pledge, the salute and the socialist dogma behind it
influenced totalitarianism worldwide, including the National Socialist
German Workers Party and its dogma, symbols and rituals. http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-metropolitan-museum-of-art.html
The raised-arm salute was the most popular symbol of the National
Socialist German Workers Party and related political ideologies in
the twentieth century.
The salute is said to have derived from an ancient Roman custom,
but Dr. Curry showed that it is a myth. Although modern historians and
others employ it as a matter of course, the term “Roman salute” is a
misnomer. http://rexcurry.net/pledge-allegiance-pledge-allegiance.jpg
The myth grew from the pledge and the resulting popular culture
of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that was misunderstood
to deal with ancient Rome: historical plays and films. Three decades
of the Pledge of Allegiance (from 1892) was chiefly responsible for the
wide familiarity of Europeans and Americans with forms of the raised-arm
salute and made it readily available for political purposes. From America's
pledge, the gesture entered the visual culture of stage and screen from
after 1892 to the 1920s and beyond.
The continuing growth of socialism (and of the Pledge) makes an
examination of all its facets desirable, especially when the true origins
of a symbol as potent as the salute and the history of its dissemination
are barely known to classicists and historians of ancient Rome on the
one hand, and to scholars of modern European history, on the other.
Thus Dr. Curry's work appeals to classicists and historians, including
film historians, and will be of interest to readers beyond the academy.
Mexico adopted socialist flag salutes that originated in the United
States (from 1892). The National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazis)
also adopted the U.S. flag gesture after it had been used in the USA for
decades. http://rexcurry.net/bellamy-edward-emiliano-zapata-mexico-socialism.html
**********************
In the past, RexCurry.net challenged Professor Martin
Winkler of George Mason University to debate the origin
of the "Roman Salute" myth, and the spread of the socialist gesture
/ symbol. http://rexcurry.net/pledge-professor-martin-winkler.html
As the nation's leading authority on the pledge
of allegiance and on the "Roman Salute," Dr. Rex Curry made
the historic discovery that the salute of the National Socialist
German Workers' Party (Nazis) originated from the military salute
in the USA, and from the original flag pledge (as written by a socialist),
and not from ancient Rome. http://rexcurry.net/pledgesalute.html
The debate was prompted by many factors, including a poster
for Professor Winkler's speech that stated "The Roman Salute:
Origin and Spread of a Fascist Symbol." The poster and the speech's
use of the word "fascist" perpetuate ignorance of the fact that the
straight-arm salute was popularized by a socialist in the USA, Francis
Bellamy. See http://rexcurry.net/socialist-salute3.jpg
and the more accurate version at http://rexcurry.net/socialist-salute.jpg
The poster announces a speech that might also
have perpetuated widespread ignorance of the fact that the
word "Nazi" means "National Socialist German Workers' Party."
The debate was also prompted by Professor
Winkler's book "Gladiator" which also perpetuates similar ignorance
and myths. Winkler's book index lists only the hackneyed
terms "Nazi, Nazism....see also Fascism" again perpetuating ignorance
about the socialist origins of the salute, and about the National
Socialist German Workers' Party. The book appears to never use
the actual name of the horrid party but seems to deliberately repeat
the hackneyed shorthand.
The book's tired stereotypes perpetuate the
myth that the National Socialist German Workers' Party slaughtered
the most people. Here is one sample quote "The Fascist and
Nazi movements exploited this fear of the uncontrolled masses to
impose their own leaders." The book does not explain the relationship
of the National Socialist German Workers Party to other socialist movements.
The book never indicts the other socialist movements and their leaders
in the socialist inquisitions of the Wholecaust (of which the Holocaust
was a part): ~60 million killed by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;
~50 million by the Peoples' Republic of China; and ~20 million by the
National Socialist German Workers' Party.
Another glaring puzzle in "Gladiator" is that
Winkler never mentions his own "Roman Salute" work. That might
be because, before the book was published, RexCurry.net had already
begun commenting on Professor Winkler's failure to address the
straight-arm salute's origin from a socialist in the USA who wrote
the pledge of allegiance to the flag. Those facts don't fit
in with the book's hackneyed perpetuation of ignorance about the National
Socialist German Workers' Party.
In Professor Winklers' early work on the "Roman"
salute myth, the professor traced the myth to early fictional
representations in movies, but Winkler appeared to be unaware that
the original pledge of allegiance predated all of the movies and
used a straight-armed salute (from 1892).
Even when Mussolini adopted the gesture, he was a well-known socialist
journalist in Italy.
The true origins of this salute can be traced back to the Pledge of Allegiance
in the United States. The Pledge was written in 1892 by Francis Bellamy
(a self-proclaimed National Socialist who promoted "military socialism"
and an "industrial army"). Francis was cousin to Edward Bellamy, another
American national socialist and the author of the book "Looking Backward."
Dr. Curry showed how the Pledge originally began with a military
salute that was then extended out toward the flag. In practice the second
part of the early American pledge gesture was performed palm down. Thus,
the mis-named "Roman salute" developed from an extended military salute
in the USA's Pledge of Allegiance. http://rexcurry.net/i-pledge-allegiance-to-the-flag.jpg
Mexico adopted socialist flag salutes that originated in the United
States (from 1892). The National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazis)
also adopted the U.S. flag gesture after it had been used in the USA for
decades. http://rexcurry.net/bellamy-edward-emiliano-zapata-mexico-socialism.html
It was not an ancient Roman salute. The "ancient Roman salute" is
a myth, as shown by Dr. Rex Curry (author of "Pledge of Allegiance Secrets"). http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html
The Pledge of Allegiance in the USA originally began with a classic
military salute (to the forehead) that was then extended out toward the
flag. The initial military salute was sometimes performed from the chest.
In practice, the 2nd gesture was performed palm down because children simply
extended the military gesture outward.
The Pledge was written by a National Socialist who wanted military
socialism in the USA, Mexico, Germany and worldwide.
Swastikas that symbolize overlapping S-letters
for Socialism
